Mental Health: Global Challenges Journal

https://www.sciendo.com/journal/MHGCJ

ISSN 2612-2138

Emotional Regulation and Subjective Well-Being in

Adolescents: A Systematic Review

Axel Koch Serey1, Jonathan Martínez-Líbano1, Guillermo Barahona-Fuentes2

1Facultad de Educación y Ciencias Sociales, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile

2Núcleo de Investigación en Salud, Actividad Física y Deporte ISAFYD, Universidad de Las Américas, Viña del Mar, Chile

Abstract

Introduction: Emotional regulation and its relationship with subjective well-being are relevant phenomena

to study, especially during adolescence, a critical period marked by significant changes in mental health

and social development. These antecedents underscore the importance of studying how emotional

regulation can act as a protective factor for adolescents' subjective well-being.

Purpose: The purpose of this systematic review was to investigate the impact of emotional regulation on

adolescents' subjective well-being.

Methodology: The search was conducted following the PRISMA methodology in the Web of Science,

Scopus, PubMed, and Scielo databases, and the methodological quality was also assessed using the

Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS).

Results: A total of 16 studies met the inclusion criteria, highlighting that adaptive emotional regulation

strategies, particularly cognitive reappraisal and acceptance, are consistently associated with higher levels

of life satisfaction, happiness, and self-esteem. Moreover, these strategies act as protective factors against

depression, anxiety, and emotional distress. Studies employing longitudinal designs suggest that emotional

regulation fosters resilience and improves adolescents' long-term well-being. Conversely, maladaptive

strategies such as rumination and suppression were linked to lower subjective well-being and increased

psychological distress.

Conclusions: The findings underscore the critical role of emotional regulation in fostering adolescent well-

being. Specifically, interventions that promote cognitive reappraisal and acceptance may enhance

psychological resilience and overall life satisfaction. Future research should explore the long-term effects of

emotional regulation training and its integration into educational and clinical settings to support adolescent

mental health.

Keywords: Mental Health, Emotional Regulation, Subjective Well-being, Adolescents

Address for correspondence: Jonathan Martínez Líbano, PhD.

Facultad de Educación y Ciencias Sociales, Fernández Concha 700, Las Condes

E-mail: jonathan.martinez.l@unab.cl

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial 4.0 International

License (CC BY- 4.0).

©Copyright: Libano et al., 2025

Publisher: Sciendo (De Gruyter)

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.56508/mhgcj.v8i1.240

Submitted for publication: 02

November 2024

Revised: 15 February 2025

Accepted for publication: 20

February 2025

Introduction

Emotional regulation, understood as the use of

various strategies to modify or influence our

emotional state (McRae & Gross, 2020), is essential

for mental and psychosocial well-being (Gross,

2015). Adequate emotion management is

fundamental for healthy coping. It directly impacts

individuals' capacity to manage and recover from

stress (Jentsch & Wolf, 2020). Specific strategies,

such as cognitive reappraisal and acceptance,

are positively associated with well-being indicators

such as life satisfaction, positive affect, and

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ISSN 2612-2138

happiness, while negatively correlating with

depression and anxiety (Shum et al., 2024).

Subjective well-being (SWB), a key concept in

positive psychology, refers to individuals’ cognitive

and emotional evaluations of their own lives,

including life satisfaction, positive emotions, and

low levels of distress (Ryff & Singer, 2008).

Specifically, Diener’s (1984) framework defines SWB

as a construct composed of life satisfaction,

positive affect, and negative affect, emphasizing

the importance of cognitive and emotional

evaluations. Additionally, Ryff’s (1989)

psychological well-being theory incorporates

dimensions such as self-acceptance, personal

growth, and autonomy, providing a broader

perspective on how emotional regulation may

influence adolescent well-being. Integrating these

models allows for a deeper understanding of the

underlying mechanisms in the relationship

between emotional regulation and SWB.

Furthermore, the ability to regulate emotions plays

a crucial role in shaping individuals’ quality of life

and subjective well-being across different

developmental stages (Riediger & Bellingtier,

2022). Consequently, emotional regulation has

gained increasing attention in psychology due to

its direct implications for mental health, particularly

in challenging or vulnerable contexts (Doré et al.,

2016). However, various theoretical perspectives

suggest that the effectiveness and impact of

these strategies on well-being may differ

depending on the stage of life in which they are

applied (De France & Hollenstein, 2019).

In this sense, emotional regulation strategies

are particularly relevant in treating various

emotional and behavioral disorders, especially

during childhood and adolescence (Sanchis-

Sanchis et al., 2020). During adolescence,

effective emotional regulation is considered a

fundamental pillar for psychosocial functioning

and mental health, as emotional skills are refined

during this stage (Lennarz et al., 2019). However,

the implementation of maladaptive coping

strategies and difficulties in mood regulation have

been linked to an increased risk of suicide among

young people (Ong & Thompson, 2019).

Moreover, deficits in emotional regulation have

also been linked to non-suicidal self-injury and

suicidal ideation and behavior (Brausch & Woods,

2019). Given that adolescence is a transitional

period characterized by increased emotional

reactivity and heightened sensitivity to social

experiences, understanding how emotional

regulation influences SWB in this stage is essential

for identifying protective factors that enhance

adolescent mental health. However, despite the

growing body of research on emotion regulation,

the direct mechanisms by which these strategies

influence SWB in adolescents remain

underexplored. As such, developing emotional

regulation skills is crucial during this transitional

phase, where the lack of effective strategies can

have significant negative effects on overall well-

being.

Adolescence is characterized as a period of

growth involving significant changes in reasoning,

emotions, and social interactions. This

developmental stage increases sensitivity to social

responses, making adolescents particularly

vulnerable to victimization and exclusion by peers

(Herd & Kim-Spoon, 2021). To address these

challenges, preventive and therapeutic strategies

should focus on improving the quality of parent-

child relationships, perceived social support, and

emotion management while minimizing

psychiatric symptoms in adolescents (Karaer &

Akdemir, 2019). Parents play a fundamental role in

this process by modeling how adolescents

process, react to, and control their emotions

(Eisenberg et al., 1998; Tan et al., 2020).

Furthermore, adolescents learn about emotions

through interactions with both parents and friends

(Miller-Slough & Dunsmore, 2019). Another relevant

factor is child abuse, which is associated with both

physical and mental health issues, highlighting the

need to identify risk and resilience processes for

prevention (Gruhn & Compas, 2020). In this

context, recent studies suggest that social

environments, including family and peer

relationships, can significantly mediate the link

between emotional regulation and SWB, either

reinforcing positive coping mechanisms or

exacerbating emotional distress (Shields et al.,

2022). Despite these insights, a systematic

synthesis of how these social influences interact

with emotional regulation to shape SWB in

adolescents is still lacking.

Deficits in emotional regulation have also been

linked to non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal

ideation and behavior (Brausch & Woods, 2019).

The prevalence of social media use among youth

has made difficulties in emotion management

increasingly relevant to understanding

psychological stress (Wartberg et al., 2021).

Similarly, major depressive disorder, which begins

to develop in early adolescence and causes

significant impairment, including suicidal

tendencies, has been linked to problems in

emotional control (Gonçalves et al., 2019).

According to the World Health Organization

(2023), one in seven young people suffers from a

mental disorder, and in the post-pandemic

context, an increase in mental health issues has

been observed among adolescents. While

previous studies have explored emotional

regulation in adolescence, few have

systematically reviewed its direct impact on SWB.

This review synthesizes recent evidence to identify

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key strategies that enhance SWB and mitigate

psychological distress, providing a foundation for

future interventions. By addressing this gap, we aim

to offer a clearer understanding of how emotion

regulation contributes to adolescent mental

health beyond traditional psychopathology-

focused approaches. These statistics underscore

the importance of studying how emotional

regulation can act as a protective factor for

adolescents' subjective well-being.

Purpose

The purpose of this systematic review is to

analyze the available academic literature to

determine the influence of emotional regulation

on subjective well-being in adolescents. More

specifically, this review seeks to (i) identify the most

effective emotional regulation strategies

associated with greater SWB, (ii) examine their role

as protective factors against psychological

distress, and (iii) explore their implications for

intervention programs in clinical and educational

settings. In doing so, this review aims to bridge the

gap between emotion regulation research and

applied interventions, providing insights for

psychologists, educators, and policymakers.

Understanding this relationship is essential for

developing effective interventions and support

strategies that enhance the overall mental health

and quality of life of young individuals during this

pivotal stage of development.

Methodology

Sources of Information

A systematic analysis was conducted, where

articles published in the Web of Science, Scopus,

PubMed and Scielo databases from January 2018

to December 2023, written in English and Spanish,

were detected. The decision to focus on the last

five years was based on the significant

psychosocial and cultural transformations during

this period, particularly the impact of the COVID-

19 pandemic on adolescent mental health,

increased digital interactions, and evolving social

dynamics affecting emotional well-being (WHO,

2023).

Search Strategies

The search of bibliographic references was

carried out following the preferred reporting

protocol for systematic reviews and meta-

analyses, PRISMA (Page et al., 2020). Searches

were performed in the title, abstract and keyword

search fields in each of the databases. The

following keywords combined with Boolean

operators (OR/AND) were used: [("Emotional

regulation" OR "Emotion regulation" OR "Emotion

self-regulation" OR "Emotional self-regulation" OR)

AND ("Subjective well-being" OR "Subjective

wellbeing" OR "Subjective wellness") AND

("adolescents" OR "Adolescence" OR

"Teenagers")]. The search strategy for the choice of

studies is depicted in Figure 1.

Eligibility Criteria

Before examining the full content of each

article, titles and abstracts were reviewed to assess

their relevance. Studies were considered eligible if

they met the following criteria: 1) applied a cross-

sectional or longitudinal research design; 2)

focused on an adolescent population; 3) utilized

both clinical and non-clinical tools; 4) included

both positive and negative results; and 5) were

written in English or Spanish. The following exclusion

criteria were established: 1) participants were not

adolescents; 2) the study did not include the

variables of emotional regulation, emotional self-

regulation, or emotion management; and 3) the

variable of subjective well-being was not

considered in the study.

Data Extraction Process

A data extraction form was used to include

relevant information: (1) Author(s), (2) Country, (3)

Year, (4) Study Design, (5) Sample Size, (6)

Measurement Instrument, (7) Influence of

Emotional Regulation on Well-being.

Quality Assessment

The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS), adapted

for cross-sectional research, was used to assess

study quality (Epstein et al., 2018). The NOS judges

quality based on content, structure and

interpretation with high reliability and validity,

outperforming other scales. The three dimensions

of the scale include selection, comparability and

outcome. There are seven categories that

determine the representativeness of the sample,

justification of the sample size, comparability

between respondents and non-respondents,

exposure estimates, comparability based on study

design or analysis, evaluation of results, and

adequacy of statistical analysis. If the study meets

the requirements, up to nine stars in total can be

awarded. If the study meets certain criteria, it can

receive a maximum of nine stars. For each

dimension, at least four stars can be assigned for

the selection dimension, two stars for the

comparability dimension and three stars for the

outcome dimension (Epstein et al., 2018).

However, it is worth noting that the use of the NOS

has certain limitations, as it was originally

developed for observational studies, and its

applicability to different study designs may

introduce subjectivity in quality assessment. To

mitigate this, the evaluation process was

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conducted independently by two researchers to

ensure consistency and reduce bias.

Results

Search Results

We found 66 papers related to the topic of how

emotional regulation affects subjective well-being

in adolescents. However, 21 of these were

discarded as duplicates. In addition, 11 papers

were excluded after reading their title and

abstract, and 16 more after reading the full paper.

Thus, 16 papers that met the inclusion criteria were

selected for the systematic review.

Figure 1. Search strategy for the selection of studies

Characteristics of the Studies

The details of the studies and the results of this

review are recapitulated in supplementary

material 1

(http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.28439747

). Sample sizes in the 16 papers ranged from 107

to 13,500 participants, totaling 35,798

adolescents. All studies adopted a cross-sectional

design for their investigations. The 16 studies were

conducted in various countries around the world,

China (n=4), Spain (n=3), Australia (n=1), Chile

(n=1), Croatia (n=1), Hungary (n=1), England

(n=1), Mexico (n=1), Serbia (n=1), Turkey (n=1),

Germany (n=1) and Switzerland (n=1).

Methodological Quality Assessment

Supplementary material 2

(http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.28439747 )

shows the result of the assessment of the

methodological quality of the studies. The overall

quality of the included studies was of medium

level, with a total of 6 to 7 stars. There were 16

studies with seven stars (Akyüz Uçar & SaviĐ;

Azpiazu Izaguirre et al.; Castaños-Cervantes &

Aguilar-Villalobos; Džida et al.; Fonseca-Pedrero et

al.; Fuentealba-Urra et al. ; Jiang et al.; Lereya et

al.; Li et al.; Morrish et al.; Petrović et al.; Reinhardt

et al.; Schunk et al.; Tejada-Gallardo et al.; Wang

et al.; Zou et al.) and the were no studies with less

than six stars. Although the reviewed studies

n = 64 records identified

n = 28 Web of Science

n = 25 Scopus

n = 11 PubMed

n = 0 Scielo

Additional records identified

through manual search (n = 2)

Screening

Records after duplicates removed (n = 43)

Identificación

Eligibility

Titles and abstracts selected (n = 43)

Records excluded (n = 11)

Full-text articles assessed for

eligibility (n = 32)

Full-text articles excluded, with reasons

(n = 16)

7 articles excluded due to study design

9 articles excluded due to selected

population

Studies included in qualitative

synthesis (n = 16)

Included

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include populations from various countries (China,

Spain, Mexico, Turkey, among others), the analysis

of cross-cultural differences in the relationship

between emotional regulation and SWB remains

limited. It is observed that in collectivist cultures

such as China and Mexico, strategies like

emotional suppression may be more socially

accepted and may not necessarily negatively

impact well-being. In contrast, in individualistic

societies such as European countries, strategies

like cognitive reappraisal tend to be more closely

aligned with positive psychological well-being

(Matsumoto et al., 2008). Specifically, it has been

shown that the individualistic cultures tend to favor

emotional expression, collectivistic cultures often

emphasize suppression to maintain social

harmony (Ramzan & Amjad, 2017). These

differences suggest the need for further studies to

explore how sociocultural contexts influence the

effectiveness of emotional regulation strategies.

Measurement Tools

Among the studies found, several scales and

questionnaires were used, which can be seen in

supplementary material 3

(http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.28439747

Synthesis Results

Influence of Emotional Regulation on

Adolescents' Subjective Well-being

Among the reported elements related or

associated with emotional regulation that

positively influence the relationship with subjective

well-being of adolescents, we find: emotional

regulation (n=9), cognitive reappraisal (n=3),

emotional regulation skills (n=1), functional

emotion regulation strategies (n=1), dysfunctional

emotion regulation strategies (n=1), expressive

suppression (n=1), cognitive emotional regulation

strategies (n=1), adaptive emotional regulation

(n=1), reflection (n=1), acceptance (n=1).

In effects, adolescents who manage their

emotions effectively tend to experience higher

levels of life satisfaction, happiness, and self-

esteem. For example, in studies such as Akyüz

Uçar & SaviĐ (2020), it was highlighted that

effective emotional regulation had a positive

impact on adolescents’ subjective life perception,

including satisfaction and happiness. This

relationship is also found in studies by Azpiazu

Izaguirre et al. (2021) and Fuentealba-Urra et al.

(2023), which reported a significant correlation

between emotional regulation and life satisfaction

in diverse country contexts. In addition, it is

important to note that the studies included in this

review used cross-sectional designs, which limit the

ability to make causal inferences.

Relationship Between Other Variables

Within the findings there are other elements or

concepts declared to be related or associated

with each other in the relationship between

emotional regulation and subjective well-being of

adolescents, we find: gender(n=2), anxiety

symptoms (n=2), resilience (n=2), negative affect

(n=2), optimism (n=2), social support (n=1), family

support (n=1), teacher support (n=1), , depressive

symptoms (n=1), emotional clarity (n=1),

prosocial behavior (n=1), mental health difficulties

(n=1), physical activity habits (n=1), perseverance

(n=1), connectedness (n=1), positive indicators of

mental health (n=1), cybervictimization (n=1),

general emotional intelligence (n=1), pessimism

(n=1), positive academic emotion (n=1), level of

grief (n=1), assertiveness (n=1), age (n=1),

emotional skills (n=1), suicidal behavior (n=1),

positive affect (n=1), self-esteem (n=1),

perceived stress (n=1), prosocial behavior (n=1),

happiness (n=1), self-blame (n=1), negative

academic emotion (n=1), depression (n=1).

Specifically, several factors influence the

relationship between emotional regulation and

subjective well-being, such as social support

(family, friends, and teachers) and resilience. In Li

et al. (2021), emotional regulation predicted

higher levels of resilience, which in turn predicted

higher happiness and lower anxiety. Similarly,

Fonseca-Pedrero et al. (2020) indicated that

protective factors (such as prosocial behavior and

emotional regulation) were more closely related to

subjective well-being than risk factors, such as

peer conflict or emotional symptoms. This finding

is particularly relevant to understanding how

adolescents with strong social support systems

may benefit more from emotional regulation

strategies.

Accordingly, emotional regulation not only

positively impacts subjective well-being but also

plays a crucial role in preventing mental health

problems. Petrović et al. (2020) found that

emotional regulation strategies such as cognitive

reappraisal and planning were associated with

greater positive mental health (lower levels of

depression and anxiety) and better subjective well-

being. In Reinhardt et al. (2019), adolescents with

better emotional regulation skills and lower levels

of perfectionism showed higher levels of

emotional, psychological, and social well-being.

However, it is essential to note that the cross-

sectional nature of the studies limits our ability to

draw definitive conclusions about causality.

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Discussion

Influence of Emotional Regulation on the

Subjective Well-being of Adolescents

The subjective well-being of adolescents can

be conceptualized as a multifaceted construct

where emotional regulation plays a pivotal role.

This relationship is not merely an academic

consideration; it has direct implications for mental

health, social adaptation, and psychological

development. Research has demonstrated a

strong connection between emotional regulation

competencies adolescents', engagement in risky

behaviors, and their subjective well-being (Akyüz

Uçar & SaviĐ, 2020). Adolescents who struggle with

emotional regulation often develop maladaptive

coping mechanisms, increasing their vulnerability

to adverse experiences and negatively affecting

their mental health.

For instance, adolescents who struggle with

emotional regulation are often more susceptible

to engaging in high-risk activities, leading to

detrimental effects on their mental health. The

existing literature reveals a consistent pattern:

adolescents with poor emotional management

skills exhibit a higher propensity for risk behaviors

(Siener & Kerns, 2012; Svaldi et al., 2012). This

evidence underscores the urgent need to foster

effective emotional regulation strategies as a

preventive measure against risk-taking behaviors

and as a means to enhance subjective well-

being.

Protective Factors: Emotional Regulation,

Resilience, and Family Support

Effective emotional management is essential

for adolescents' adaptability, as it reduces

negative emotions, and strengthens mental

resilience. Emotionally competent adolescents

are better equipped to regulate their affective

experiences, leading to higher levels of life

satisfaction and overall psychological well-being

(Tkach & Lyubomirsky, 2006). In this context, family

dynamics are crucial in shaping adolescents'

emotional regulation abilities and resilience.

Research has extensively documented the impact

of family support on life satisfaction and emotional

outcomes (Azpiazu Izaguirre et al., 2021). A strong,

nurturing home environment can buffer the effects

of poor emotional regulation, reinforcing the need

for family-centered intervention programs. While

previous studies indicate that family is the primary

source of support for adolescents (Rodríguez-

Fernández et al., 2016; Fernández-Lasarte et al.,

2019), it is important to highlight that emotional

regulation itself remains an independent predictor

of subjective well-being, regardless of family

support (Ng et al., 2018). Moreover, resilience

plays a key role in moderating the effects of

emotional regulation on well-being. Adolescents

with higher resilience are better able to leverage

their emotional regulation skills to cope with stress

and adversity, ultimately promoting better

psychological outcomes (Ramos-Díaz et al.,

2019).

As you can see, one of the key findings of this

review is the intricate interplay between emotional

regulation, resilience, and family support in

shaping adolescent SWB. Resilience not only acts

as a buffer against psychological distress but also

amplifies the benefits of adaptive emotional

regulation strategies such as cognitive reappraisal.

Adolescents with high resilience levels are more

likely to reframe negative experiences,

maintaining emotional stability in challenging

situations (Li et al., 2021). This aligns with previous

research suggesting that resilience mediates the

link between emotional regulation and mental

health outcomes, providing adolescents with tools

to cope effectively with stressors (Ramos-Díaz et

al., 2019).

Moreover, family support plays a critical role in

reinforcing adolescents' ability to regulate

emotions. Studies indicate that parental

responsiveness and validation of emotions

enhance adolescents' capacity to manage

distress, leading to higher levels of SWB (Eisenberg

et al., 1998). However, the quality and consistency

of family support can significantly alter this

dynamic. For example, while emotionally

supportive families can facilitate the development

of positive coping strategies, inconsistent or overly

controlling parental behaviors may lead to

maladaptive regulation patterns, such as

emotional suppression or avoidance (Tan et al.,

2020). This suggests that interventions should not

only focus on adolescents' emotional regulation

skills but also consider the family environment as a

key factor in promoting well-being.

Furthermore, cross-cultural differences in

emotional regulation should be acknowledged,

as these influence the effectiveness of specific

strategies. In collectivist cultures, where social

harmony is prioritized, adolescents may rely more

on suppression without experiencing significant

negative effects on their SWB (Matsumoto et al.,

2008). In contrast, in individualistic cultures,

cognitive reappraisal is often encouraged to

maintain psychological autonomy and emotional

stability (Ford & Mauss, 2015). Understanding these

cultural variations is essential for tailoring

interventions that align with adolescents'

sociocultural contexts, ensuring that emotional

regulation strategies are both effective and

culturally appropriate.

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Impact of Depression and Maladaptive

Regulation Strategies on Well-being

A critical aspect to consider is the negative

impact of depressive symptoms and ineffective

emotional regulation strategies on subjective well-

being. Numerous studies have identified a strong

association between depression and lower

subjective well-being, highlighting the need for

early interventions aimed at improving emotional

management (Castaños-Cervantes & Aguilar-

Villalobos, 2019). Adolescents with depressive

symptoms frequently struggle with emotional

regulation, exacerbating their distress and

reinforcing maladaptive emotional patterns.

Furthermore, research demonstrates that the

implementation of effective emotional

management techniques can enhance

subjective well-being, suggesting that teaching

adolescents these skills may be an effective

strategy for promoting mental health.

The Top-down Theory of Subjective Well-being,

proposed by Diener (1984), posits that both

cognitive and emotional characteristics

significantly influence well-being, within this

framework, emotional clarity—defined as the

ability to recognize and differentiate one’s

emotions—has been identified as a strong

predictor of subjective well-being (Džida et al.,

2023). Greater emotional clarity enables more

effective emotional regulation, fostering a more

positive assessment of life experiences. This

emerges as a vital factor for enhancing subjective

well-being. Research indicates that emotional

clarity not only facilitates better emotional

regulation but also contributes to a more positive

assessment of life experiences (Lischetzke & Eid,

2017). Notably, some evidence of these

connections exists in adolescent populations,

further emphasizing the need for targeted

emotional education in this demographic

(Sánchez-Álvarez et al., 2015).

The Role of Adaptive Emotional Regulation

Strategies in Enhancing Well-being

Following the discussion on the negative effects

of maladaptive emotional regulation, it is equally

important to highlight the protective role of

adaptive regulation strategies in fostering

subjective well-being. Research consistently

demonstrates that the effective management of

emotions can significantly enhance adolescents'

psychological resilience, social adjustment, and

life satisfaction.

A key protective factor is physical activity, which

has been extensively linked to improved

emotional regulation, well-being, and overall

mental health, particularly through a reduction in

the levels of certain psychosocial disorders.

Research has identified a positive correlation

between regular physical exercise, emotional self-

regulation, and subjective well-being, indicating

that physical activity acts as a natural enhancer of

emotional control, thereby promoting better

mental health (Barahona-Fuentes et al., 2021;

Barahona-Fuentes et al., 2023; Delgado-Floody et

al., 2024; Fuentealba-Urra et al., 2023). This

relationship is further supported by cross-sectional

research (Garcia et al., 2015) and meta-analyses

(Rodriguez et al., 2022), which highlight the role of

action-oriented emotional control strategies in

fostering well-being. Longitudinal research also

indicates that adolescents who develop effective

emotional regulation strategies over time

experience significant improvements in emotional

self-management and psychological resilience

(Morosanova et al., 2022).

Among these strategies, cognitive reappraisal

stands out as a major predictor of subjective well-

being. Adolescents who frequently engage in

cognitive reappraisal tend to experience greater

emotional stability and life satisfaction, while those

who rely on expressive suppression encounter

more complex emotional consequences (Jiang et

al., 2023). Interestingly, research suggests that the

effectiveness of cognitive reappraisal is consistent

across different adolescent groups, a finding that

aligns with prior literature (Hu et al., 2014). However,

further investigation is needed to explore potential

cultural and developmental variations in its

application.

Beyond individual psychological benefits,

emotional regulation is strongly tied to broader

mental health outcomes. Deficits in emotional

management are associated with higher rates of

psychological distress, depression, and anxiety in

adolescents (Lereya et al., 2022). School-based

interventions that integrate emotional regulation

training have been effective both as preventive

measures and as therapeutic strategies for

adolescents at risk (Frey et al., 2000). Additionally,

emotional self-regulation has been found to

enhance resilience, social connectedness, and

happiness while simultaneously reducing

symptoms of depression and anxiety (Li et al.,

2021). These findings reinforce the need to

prioritize the development of emotional regulation

skills in both educational and community settings

as a protective mechanism against mental health

challenges.

Cognitive-emotional management strategies,

such as positive reframing, planning, and positive

refocusing, have also been linked to greater

subjective well-being, lower negative affect, and

increased life satisfaction (Petrović et al., 2020).

Adolescents who actively employ these adaptive

strategies tend to report greater psychological

stability and overall well-being. (Garnefski et al.,

2017).

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Interestingly, studies on high-performing

athletes suggest that strong emotional regulation

is associated with higher levels of emotional,

psychological, and social well-being (Reinhardt et

al., 2019). This observation underscores the notion

that individuals can employ a variety of deliberate

cognitive and behavioral strategies to manage

their emotions effectively (Garnefski et al., 2001).

This underscores the importance of structured

activities, such as competitive sports, in

developing self-regulatory capacities. Adjusted

perfectionists, for instance, tend to employ

problem-focused coping mechanisms (Burns &

Fedewa, 2005) and cognitive reappraisal

techniques, such as situational reappraisal, to

maintain psychological balance (Aldea & Rice,

2006).

Furthermore, the role of digital experiences in

adolescent well-being warrants special attention,

particularly in the context of cybervictimization.

Research indicates that cybervictimization

negatively affects adolescent well-being primarily

through increased rumination rather than through

suppression or reappraisal (Schunk et al., 2022).

This suggests that interventions targeting excessive

rumination—rather than solely promoting

cognitive reappraisal—could be more effective in

mitigating the psychological effects of online

harassment.

Finally, emotional intelligence, emotional

regulation, and subjective well-being are deeply

interconnected. Emotional intelligence, which

includes both emotional awareness and

regulatory capacities, has been identified as a

strong determinant of happiness and optimism in

adolescents (Tejada-Gallardo et al., 2022).

Breaking down the affective and cognitive

processes behind happiness provides deeper

insights into how individuals experience life

satisfaction (Lyubomirsky, 2001). These findings are

consistent with prior research demonstrating that

emotional intelligence significantly contributes to

overall adolescent well-being (Extremera &

Fernández-Berrocal, 2014).

In summary, emotional regulation plays a

fundamental role in shaping adolescent

subjective well-being. The positive correlations

between cognitive reappraisal, emotional

regulation, and academic emotions highlight the

need for schools to integrate emotional education

into their curricula (Wang et al., 2022). These

findings align with previous research (Gratz et al.,

2015), wich indicate that adolescents who

consistently use cognitive reappraisal are more

likely to regulate their emotions effectively and

perceive stressful events in a more optimistic light.

Ultimately, prioritizing the development of

emotional regulation skills in adolescence is

crucial for fostering resilience and enhancing

mental health. Given the increasing prevalence of

adolescent mental health issues (Martínez-Líbano

& Yeomans-Cabrera, 2024), implementing

targeted interventions to support well-being is

more urgent than ever.

Strengths and Limitations

Limitations of the study

This study has certain restrictions that must be

taken into account. Among them, we highlight

that the selected studies are cross-sectional in

nature. Although this represents a benefit in terms

of the number of subjects surveyed, it also entails

certain difficulties, such as the inability to examine

long-term phenomena, as could be done in

longitudinal studies. Similarly, we cannot infer

causation. Additionally, self-report measures and

questionnaires may not always capture the full

complexity of emotional experiences. Future

studies should incorporate qualitative and

experimental methodologies to provide a more

nuanced understanding of these constructs.

Strengths of the study

This systematic review article analyses and

synthesizes the existing literature on the impact of

emotional regulation on subjective well-being in

adolescents. he findings confirm a robust positive

correlation between emotional regulation and

well-being, highlighting key protective factors such

as resilience and family support.

Practical/Social value

With the systematic review conducted, we

plan to carry out a field study that delves deeper

into the topic of emotional regulation in subjective

well-being in Chilean adolescents. This is important

because the suicide rate among young people in

Chile is estimated to be 7.8 per 100,000

adolescents, an alarming figure that underscores

the urgent need for effective actions and support

in the area of mental health (World Health

Organization, 2023). This situation may be

aggravated by the high rates of mental health

problems observed in young Chileans after the

pandemic (Martínez-Líbano et al., 2023).

Therefore, the review shows that most of the

research does not focus on Latin America and not

existent cross-sectional research during the

selection period.

Conclusions

The configuration of subjective well-being (SWB)

in adolescents is a complex interplay where

emotion regulation plays a central role.

Mental Health: Global Challenges Journal

https://www.sciendo.com/journal/MHGCJ

ISSN 2612-2138

Dysfunctional emotion regulation is strongly

associated with risk behaviors, whereas adaptive

strategies, such as cognitive reappraisal and

emotional clarity, promote well-being by reducing

anxiety and depression. Family support and

resilience emerge as key protective factors,

directly influencing life satisfaction and indirectly

shaping SWB through emotional regulation.

Additionally, digital experiences, including cyber-

victimization, can impact well-being by increasing

emotional distress. However, digital environments

may act as both risk and resilience factors,

depending on whether they reinforce

maladaptive strategies (e.g., rumination) or foster

adaptive coping mechanisms (e.g., reappraisal).

Future research should explore how online

interactions shape adolescents’ emotional

regulation processes and whether they contribute

to long-term psychological adjustment.

Longitudinal studies are needed to clarify the

directionality of the relationship between emotion

regulation and SWB. While cross-sectional studies

highlight significant associations, it remains

unclear whether adaptive regulation enhances

well-being over time or whether higher well-being

facilitates better regulation. Examining these

dynamics over extended periods would offer

deeper insights into causal mechanisms. Another

critical area for future research is the role of gender

differences in emotion regulation. While studies

suggest that females are more likely to use

expressive suppression and reappraisal than

males, the psychological implications of these

differences remain underexplored. Understanding

whether gender-specific interventions are

necessary could enhance the effectiveness of

emotion regulation training.

Furthermore, socioeconomic disparities in

emotional regulation warrant further investigation.

Adolescents from lower-income backgrounds

may face additional stressors that hinder their

ability to regulate emotions effectively. Developing

equitable interventions that account for these

challenges could help ensure that emotion

regulation strategies are accessible and

beneficial for all adolescents, regardless of

socioeconomic status. In conclusion, emotion

regulation is fundamental to adolescent

adjustment, behavior, and mental health.

Strengthening family support and implementing

effective emotion regulation strategies are crucial

steps in enhancing life satisfaction and reducing

risky behaviors. Future research should continue to

explore these mechanisms, particularly within the

evolving digital landscape.

Data Availability Statement

Supplementary material available at

http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.28439747

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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19(12), 7067.

https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127067