MHGCJ – 2021

Mental Health: Global Challenges Journal

https://mhgcj.org ISSN 2612-2138

Main features of expeditioners’personality traits in

Antarctic conditions

Larysa Bakhmutova

National Antarctic Scientific Center, Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine.

Abstract

Introduction. Determining the benefits of basic human personality traits is one of the main

components of the selection and staffing of small groups of peoples that are working in extreme

environmental conditions and socio-spatial isolation. These groups include teams of polar

explorers, scientists from outlying research bases, ship and submarine crews, and aircraft and

space shuttles teams.

Purpose. To identify the prevailing type of temperament of and personal changes in people

working on the Antarctic station during a one-year period of isolation to develop measures to

maintain their mental and physical health.

Methodology. A total of 48 people (46 men and 2 women aged from 23 to 63 years) from four

wintering teams of the Ukrainian Antarctic station (UAS) “Akademik Vernadsky” were voluntarily

interviewed according to the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ). The poll was conducted

twice – before the departure to the Antarctic station and after their return after a year. Participants

were studied in two groups (24 peoples) once again after a 6-month stay on the Antarctic station,

to determine the level of psychoticism. The research was based on the analysis of preferences

and changes in personality traits: Extraversion/Introversion, Neuroticism/Stability, and

Psychoticism/Socialization.

Results. Based on the analysis of indicators such as Extraversion/Introversion, Neuroticism/Stability,

and Psychoticism/Socialization, we determined the general structure of the personal

characteristics of the expeditioners. Indicators of these characteristics showed that more than a

third of the expeditioners (36.1%) were pronounced extroverts. A majority (61.1%) of the

respondents were characterized by an intermediate between extraversion and introversion, and

only 2.8% were pronounced introverts. 58.4% of the respondents were characterized by a low

level of neuroticism, while 33.3% were characterized by medium level of neuroticism. Only 8.3%

were found to have a high level of neuroticism. Low levels of psychoticism were predominant in

56.3% of the respondents while the remaining 43.7% had medium levels of psychoticism. A high

level of psychoticism was absent in the respondents which indicates a psychologically correct

selection of the team. Analysis of the dynamics of psychoticism revealed that there were higher

growth rates (+0.97) of average indexes of psychoticism during the first 6 months of the

expeditioners’ stay at the Antarctic station than at the end of the activity. This was due to the “acute

adaptation” period when the respondent fit in the natural conditions of Antarctica. Furthermore,

there was a development of psychoticism in the expeditioners during the “polar night”; the growth

rates of psychoticism decreased after adaptation.

Conclusions. To maintain people’s mental health at the Antarctic station, it is optimal to select

candidates for a one-year expedition with average rates of extraversion-introversion, and mostly

low rates of neuroticism and psychoticism. These personal characteristics must be taken into

account when forming an expedition team. The level of psychoticism during the expedition

increases under the influence of the adverse environmental conditions of Antarctica and the

socio-spatial isolation.

Keywords

MHGCJ – 2021

Mental Health: Global Challenges Journal

https://mhgcj.org ISSN 2612-2138

adaptation, Antarctic expeditioners, extraversion, introversion, mental health, neuroticism,

psychological changes, psychoticism, personality traits, socio-spatial isolation, winter-over

syndrome, wintering teams.

Address for correspondence:

Larysa Bakhmutova, Ph.D., National Antarctic Scientific Center, Ministry of Education and

Science of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine.

e-mail bakhml@meta.ua

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-

NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).

©Copyright: the Author(s), 2021

Licensee NDSAN (MFC- Coordinator of the NDSAN), Italy

doi: https://doi.org/10.32437/mhgcj.v4i1.130

Submitted for publication: 03

April 2021

Revised: 10 August 2021

Accepted for publication: 25

September 2021

Introduction

On extreme conditions of the Antarctic

environment, Palinkas (2002) wrote that

«Antarctica is the highest, driest, coldest, and

windiest of the earth's continents». The vast

majority of this continent is an ice desert, where

people are exposed to prolonged low

temperatures, high solar radiation (due to opening

in the ozone hole), strong geomagnetic

disturbances, and the effects of polar day and

polar night. Thus, the Antarctic continent is not

suitable for human life and activity. These natural

factors significantly affect the functional and

psychological state of people who work at polar

stations under extreme conditions for a long time.

As a result, this leads to negative consequences in

their physical and psychological state such as

deterioration in health, well-being, mood, and

performance; and weakening of cognitive

functions. The signs of psycho-physiological and

psycho-emotional disorders such as chronic stress,

anxiety, grumpiness, depression, fatigue, low

activity, reduced performance, and violations in

the social sphere appear (Romash, 2019; 2020).

These disorders are called “winter-over syndrome”.

Studying the impact of the “winter-over syndrome:”

on human health has been repeatedly

investigated by many authors: Alfano et al. (2021);

Chen, Wu, Li, Zhang, and Xu (2016); Cravalho

(1996); Miroshnychenko et al. (2020); Palinkas

(2002; 2017); Palinkas, Reed, and Do (1997);

Sandal, van deVijver, and Smith (2018); Steinach

and Gunga (2021); Suedfeld (1998); Chengli et al.

(2003) etc.

Some of them, for example, Chen et al. (2016)

and Kuwabara et al. (2021), study the processes

of human adaptation to polar conditions. It was

universally defined that sleep disorders in

members of winter teams increase. The study of

the regime, quality, and duration of sleep at the

Antarctic station are described in Collet et al.

(2015); Folgueira et al. (2019); Sandal, van

deVijver, and Smith (2018); Shylo, Lutsenko, D.,

Lutsenko, O., Babiychuk, and Moiseyenko (2020).

Polar expeditioners often note the unwarranted

occurrence of headaches and vegetative-

vascular reactions, and the deterioration of mood

and well-being, mostly during the Antarctic winter

(Temp, Lee, & Bak, 2017). The influence of

seasonality (polar day and polar night) and long-

term isolation was studied among the winterers of

the Indian expedition to Antarctica (Bhagava,

Mukerji, & Sachdeva, 2000).

The team’s psychological climate is negatively

affected by the limited number of people who are

in a small space of the base during the entire year.

At the same time, the processes of chronic stress

and fatigue progress while the processes of

adaptation of psychophysiological functions slow

down (Bakhmutova (2020); Mohapatra, Anand,

and Raju (2020); Nirwan et al. (2020); Palinkas

(1992). This increases the risk of psycho-emotional

disorders and contravention of interpersonal

interaction. The psychological consequences of

isolation and prolonged stays in small

expeditionary groups have been studied in Oliver

(1979); Mullin (1960); Suedfeld and Steel (2000);

Tortello et al. (2020).

The relationship between individual

psychological characteristics of people and the

emergence of psychosocial issues in small group

during isolation on the Antarctic station are

presented by Kokun and Bakhmutova (2020; 2021

and Palinkas and Suedfeld (2021).

One of the main components of the

psychological selection of a candidate to the UAS

“Akademik Vernadsky” is to determine the benefits

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of individual psychological characteristics of the

expeditioners.

Here, the main criteria are the indicators

Extraversion/Introversion, Neuroticism/Stability,

Psychoticism/Socialization. The concept of

Extraversion/Introversion was developed by

Eysenck H. J. (Eysenck, S. B. G., Eysenck, H. J. &

Barrett, 1985; Eysenck, H. J. & Eysenck, S. B. G.,

1993), where the physiological interpretation of the

benefits of Extraversion or Introversion was defined.

It is a feature of the central nervous system, which

depends on the balance between the processes

of excitation and inhibition.

Extraversion/Introversion balance together with

more pronounce factor Neuroticism/Stability

(emotional-volitional stability or instability) is

considered as the main characteristic of the

personality. Jung (1995) defined introversion as an

“attitude-type characterized by orientation in life

through subjective psychic contents”, and

extraversion as “an attitude-type characterized by

concentration of interest on the external object.”

Neuroticism is one of the more than well-

established and empirically validated personality

traits. Widiger and Oltmanns (2017) noted that

“Persons with elevated levels of neuroticism

respond poorly to environmental stress, interpret

ordinary situations as threatening, and can

experience minor frustrations as hopelessly

overwhelming”. Numerous studies are currently

being conducted to establish the links between

these personal qualities and the peculiarities of

mental processes (including cognitive processes).

Psychoticism is the third personality trait in the

Eysenck personality model and is defined as a

personality type that is prone to risk-taking, possibly

engaging in anti-social behaviors, impulsiveness,

or non-conformist behaviour (Eysenck, S. B. G.,

Eysenck, H. J., & Barrett, 1985).

Taking such characteristics into account in the

recruitment processes to work at the Antarctic

station allows to make an optimal selection of

team members and the rational use of individual

characteristics to effectively perform tasks by each

of the expeditioners. Moreover, the presence of

high levels of neuroticism and psychoticism can

adversely affect the mental health of people.

Therefore, we recommend the Eysenck Personality

Questionnaire (EPQ) as a necessary tool to

maintain the mental and physical health in

extreme environmental conditions.

In addition, considered such psychological

preliminaries in Antarctica could be demand in

the preservation of the mental and psychological

health of people in long term cosmic missions

(Tortello et al., 2018). Antarctica is seen as a

natural laboratory analogue of a space for

psychological research. Suedfeld (2018); Suedfeld

and Weiss (2000) (as cited in Mohapatra, Anand,

and Raju, 2020) stated that “Understanding of

human behavior and performance in isolated and

confined environment (ICE) has been the area of

interest for all those involved in human space

program”. All of the above confirm the

importance of defining and studying the structure

of individual psychological personality traits in

polar expeditions as a factor of human mental

health.

Purpose

The exploration of the predominant type of

fundamental personality traits

(Extraversion/Introversion, Neuroticism/Stability,

Psychoticism/Socialization) is aimed at

maintaining mental health, and understanding

and predicting changes in the psychological and

physiological state of expeditioners.

The aim of study was the assessment of the

predominant type of the temperament of people

working in Antarctic expeditions and identification

of personal changes under the influence of

extreme environmental conditions of Antarctica

and socio-spatial isolation. Usually, these

indicators are recorded using various scales and

questionnaires.

Design/Methodology/Approach

An Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) was

used for the expeditioners of the Ukrainian

Antarctic expeditions at the “Akademik Vernadsky”

station. The scales measured by the EPQ are:

Extraversion/Introversion, Neuroticism/Stability,

Psychoticism/Socialization in addition to the Lie

Scale (Timo Lajunena & Hanna R. Scherler (March

1999). Extraversion and introversion are typically

viewed as a single continuum; therefore, being

high in one necessitates being low in the other. This

version has 100 Yes/No questions.

Participants and Procedure

This study involved 48 expeditioners (46 men

and 2 women; aged 23 to 63 years) from the the

Ukrainian Antarctic “Akademik Vernadsky” station

who participated in four annual expeditions (12

people in each group) between 2016 and 2020.

This Antarctic station is located in West Antarctica

on Galindez Island.

The research was conducted on the basis of

the State Institution National Antarctic Scientific

Center of the Ministry of Education and Science of

Ukraine (http://uac.gov.ua/en/) that organizes the

annual scientific expeditions to the Ukrainian

Antarctic station “Akademik Vernadsky”. According

to State Special-Purpose Research Program in

Antarctica for 2011-2023

(http://uac.gov.ua/en/research-program-en/), this

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is main operator in Ukraine for coordination of

logistic operation and scientific research in

Antarctica.

Statistical Analysis

The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences

version 22.0.0.0 was used for statistical analysis.

Descriptive statistics (frequencies, mean, standard

deviation) and a paired sample t-test were used.

We used paired samples because data

distributions for all indicators were close to normal

(modulo sum of skewness and kurtosis < 1).

Results

According to the EPQ, we diagnosed the

severity of individual psychological personality

traits after the type of temperament. Based on the

analysis of the frequencies of the dichotomous

indicators Extraversion/Introversion,

Neuroticism/Stability, Psychoticism/Socialization,

we determined the general structure and severity

of personal characteristics in the sample (Table 1).

More than a third of the expeditioners (36.1%) were

pronounced extroverts. The majority of

respondents (61.1%) were characterized by an

intermediate position between extraversion and

introversion, and only 2.8% were pronounced

introverts (Table 1).

Table 1

The structure of personal characteristics in

expeditioners at the UAS “Akademik Vernadsky”

The structure of

personal

characteristics

Levels of personal

characteristics (%)

Low

Middle

High

Extraversion/Intr

oversion

2,8

61,1

36,1

Neuroticism/Sta

bility

58,4

33,3

8,3

Psychoticism/So

cialization

56,3

43,7

It is well known that neuroticism is a

fundamental domain of personalities with huge

public health implications. It was proved that the

people with high levels of neuroticism respond

poorly to environmental stress, interpret ordinary

situations as threatening, and can experience

minor frustrations as hopelessly overwhelming

(Widiger & Oltmanns, 2017). That is, the benefits of

Neuroticism/Stability (a characteristic of emotional

instability or resilience) as a personality trait feature

that maintains purposeful behavior in normal and

stressful (extreme) conditions, which is especially

important to consider when selecting

expeditioners for long Antarctic expeditions.

According to our results, 58.4% of the Ukrainian

expeditioners had a low level of neuroticism,

33.3% were characterized by a medium level of

neuroticism, and only 8.3% had a high level of

neuroticism (Table 1).

Psychoticism determines the presence of

personality traits that are manifested in

interpersonal relationships: aggression, impulsivity,

aloofness, and antisocial behaviour, indicating a

susceptibility to psychosis and psychopathic

disorders (https://dictionary.apa.org/psychoticism).

Psychoticism is associated not only with antisocial

behaviour, but also with aggression. Human

psychotic behaviour is characterized by severity,

conflict, inattention, carelessness, hostility, anger,

egocentrism, and impulsiveness in interpersonal

interaction. The psychoticism scale study was

conducted only for two groups of UAE winterers

with a total of 24 people. This indicator may show

the respondent’s antisocial behavior, inadequate

emotional reactions, high levels of conflict, non-

contact, which is unacceptable for work in

extreme conditions of group isolation. We found

that most of the UAE winterers—56.3%—had a low

level of psychosis, and 43.7% possessed a

medium level of psychosis (Table 1). High levels of

psychoticism were completely absent in the

expeditioners. This indicates a psychologically

correct selection of the team.

An analysis of the dynamics of psychoticism in

two groups (24 people) found that during the first 6

months of the period of “acute adaptation”, which

coincides with the “polar night” (study D1-D2; Table

2), a higher growth rate (+0.97) of the average

indicators (M1-M2) of psychoticism was observed

than in the previous 6 months (study D2-D3). This

indicates the significant influence of the Antarctic

environment and the effect of the body’s

adaptation processes on the mental health of

expeditioners.

Table 2

Dynamics of psychoticism in the group of

expeditioners at the UAS “Akademik

Vernadsky”

Dynamics

Indicators of psychoticism in the

group

Mean (М)

Standard

Deviation

(σ)

(+; -)

Before

the

expeditio

4,58

σ1

2,67

–

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Middle of

the

expedition

5,55

σ2

2,42

+0,97

At the end

of the

expedition

6,00

σ3

2,45

+0,45

In the second half of the year,

psychoticism increased at a slow rate (+0.45)

(Table 2) because the period of

psychophysiological adaptation to Antarctic

conditions had passed. It should be noted that at

the end of the year, the growth of psychoticism

remained within the average, which indicates a

quality selection of the expeditioners to the team

and effective psychological support throughout

their period of stay at the UAS “Akademik

Vernadsky”. Psychological support is provided to

prevent the significant progress of psychoticism

among team members, as it is one of the

methods of maintaining the mental, physical, and

psychological health of people living in extreme

environmental conditions and long-term socio-

spatial isolation.

Conclusions (and Future Work)

One of the components of successful

preservation of the mental and

psychophysiological health of people at the

Antarctic station is the knowledge of the structure

of personal characteristics of the selected

personnel. The predominant group characteristic

of the Antarctic expeditioners is extraversion and

most of the people in the year-long residence in

socio-spatial isolation are extroverts. The last ones

contribute to the effective establishment of

interpersonal relationships within the group,

communication both within the group and with the

outside world, demonstrate enthusiasm in

professional activities and interaction with the

extreme environment of Antarctica.

In well-formed groups of Antarctic

expeditioners, a high level of neuroticism is quite

rare (8.3% of people). Psychoticism does not

reach a high level in spite of growing by the end

of a year of wintering. To maintain the

expeditioners’ mental health, selecting

candidates with average rates of extraversion-

introversion and low rates of neuroticism and

psychoticism is optimal. These personal

characteristics must be taken into account at the

phase of group formation. The level of

psychoticism during wintering is a variable

characteristic. Its growth is associated with

changes in the individual’s psycho-emotional state

during the adaptation and influence of the

extreme environmental conditions and socio-

spatial isolation. The current research has practical

and social value, as it is aimed at preventing the

development of negative mental states of

participants in long-term Antarctic expeditions and

the formation of positive social relations in a small

isolated group.

Future research may reveal relationships

between personality traits and changes in other

influences on the freight forwarders’ mental health.

These are indicators of the emotional state, social

relationships, professional vitality, etc. We believe

that is advisable to continue to study the

peculiarities in psychophysiological changes in the

dynamics between those people whose

professional activities take place in extreme

environmental conditions and expand the

methodological basis of research.

Conflict of interest

The author declares that she has no conflict of

interests.

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